Sing of God’s Character and Covenant
Psalm 89,
I will sing of the steadfast love of the Lord, forever;
with my mouth I will make known your faithfulness to all generations.
2 For I said, “Steadfast love will be built up forever;
in the heavens you will establish your faithfulness.”
3 You have said, “I have made a covenant with my chosen one;
I have sworn to David my servant:
4 ‘I will establish your offspring forever,
and build your throne for all generations.’” Selah5 Let the heavens praise your wonders, O Lord,
your faithfulness in the assembly of the holy ones!
6 For who in the skies can be compared to the Lord?
Who among the heavenly beings is like the Lord,
7 a God greatly to be feared in the council of the holy ones,
and awesome above all who are around him?
8 O Lord God of hosts,
who is mighty as you are, O Lord,
with your faithfulness all around you?
9 You rule the raging of the sea;
when its waves rise, you still them.
10 You crushed Rahab like a carcass;
you scattered your enemies with your mighty arm.
11 The heavens are yours; the earth also is yours;
the world and all that is in it, you have founded them.
12 The north and the south, you have created them;
Tabor and Hermon joyously praise your name.
13 You have a mighty arm;
strong is your hand, high your right hand.
14 Righteousness and justice are the foundation of your throne;
steadfast love and faithfulness go before you.
15 Blessed are the people who know the festal shout,
who walk, O Lord, in the light of your face,
16 who exult in your name all the day
and in your righteousness are exalted.
17 For you are the glory of their strength;
by your favor our horn is exalted.
18 For our shield belongs to the Lord,
our king to the Holy One of Israel.19 Of old you spoke in a vision to your godly one, and said:
“I have granted help to one who is mighty;
I have exalted one chosen from the people.
20 I have found David, my servant;
with my holy oil I have anointed him,
21 so that my hand shall be established with him;
my arm also shall strengthen him.
22 The enemy shall not outwit him;
the wicked shall not humble him.
23 I will crush his foes before him
and strike down those who hate him.
24 My faithfulness and my steadfast love shall be with him,
and in my name shall his horn be exalted.
25 I will set his hand on the sea
and his right hand on the rivers.
26 He shall cry to me, ‘You are my Father,
my God, and the Rock of my salvation.’
27 And I will make him the firstborn,
the highest of the kings of the earth.
28 My steadfast love I will keep for him forever,
and my covenant will stand firm for him.
29 I will establish his offspring forever
and his throne as the days of the heavens.
30 If his children forsake my law
and do not walk according to my rules,
31 if they violate my statutes
and do not keep my commandments,
32 then I will punish their transgression with the rod
and their iniquity with stripes,
33 but I will not remove from him my steadfast love
or be false to my faithfulness.
34 I will not violate my covenant
or alter the word that went forth from my lips.
35 Once for all I have sworn by my holiness;
I will not lie to David.
36 His offspring shall endure forever,
his throne as long as the sun before me.
37 Like the moon it shall be established forever,
a faithful witness in the skies.” Selah38 But now you have cast off and rejected;
you are full of wrath against your anointed.
39 You have renounced the covenant with your servant;
you have defiled his crown in the dust.
40 You have breached all his walls;
you have laid his strongholds in ruins.
41 All who pass by plunder him;
he has become the scorn of his neighbors.
42 You have exalted the right hand of his foes;
you have made all his enemies rejoice.
43 You have also turned back the edge of his sword,
and you have not made him stand in battle.
44 You have made his splendor to cease
and cast his throne to the ground.
45 You have cut short the days of his youth;
you have covered him with shame. Selah46 How long, O Lord? Will you hide yourself forever?
How long will your wrath burn like fire?
47 Remember how short my time is!
For what vanity you have created all the children of man!
48 What man can live and never see death?
Who can deliver his soul from the power of Sheol? Selah49 Lord, where is your steadfast love of old,
which by your faithfulness you swore to David?
50 Remember, O Lord, how your servants are mocked,
and how I bear in my heart the insults[f] of all the many nations,
51 with which your enemies mock, O Lord,
with which they mock the footsteps of your anointed.52 Blessed be the Lord forever!
Amen and Amen.
Structure and Summary
This psalm is the final psalm in Book Three of the Psalms. The first two books are mainly written by David, while the third book has psalms primarily written by Asaph and emphasizes holy worship. Nevertheless, this final psalm focuses on God’s covenant with David.
The psalm is arranged into five sections: two small sections at the beginning and end, and three larger sections in the middle. The first section (v. 1-4) introduces the twin themes: God’s character and his covenant with David. In this psalm, his character is defined by his steadfast love and his faithfulness, both of which appear seven times in the psalm. Both of these words describe God’s character, but they are particularly applied in terms of his covenant with David — the promise that the seed of David will sit on an everlasting throne (v. 3-4). Notice the verbs in 2-4: steadfast love will be built up forever; and David’s throne will be built forever. God’s faithfulness is established in the heavens; David’s offspring will be established forever. And this is crucial: the psalmist says he will sing of God’s steadfast love and faithfulness forever.
The psalmist then celebrates God’s majesty, might, and saving power (v. 5-16). God is incomparable; there is no one like him. He sits enthroned among his heavenly council, but he is supreme over all of them.
All of creation belongs to God. He is the Almighty Maker of Heaven and Earth. His dominion is from north to south, and east to west, from the highest heavens to the seas to the land. He is all-powerful, with a strong right hand and mighty arm. But he’s not merely a tower of power, like the false god of Islam. His power is directed by his holy character. Righteousness and justice are the foundation of his throne, and his steadfast love and faithfulness go before him, radiating from his presence (v. 14).
But God isn’t simply unique among the heavenly beings; nor does he simply rule the heavens and the earth from his throne. He also crushes his enemies. In this passage, Rahab is not a reference to the prostitute from Jericho. Instead it’s a reference to a dragon-demon associated with Egypt (Psalm 87:4; Isa 30:7). Crushing Rahab is linked to ruling and stilling the sea, just as God crushed the king of Egypt beneath a wall of water.
Job 26:12,
“By his power he stilled the sea; by his understanding he shattered Rahab.”
Isaiah 51:9,
“Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD; awake, as in days of old, the generations of long ago. Was it not you who cut Rahab in pieces, who pierced the dragon?”
This is a celebration of God’s majesty, might, and saving power, and the people who belong to God and join this celebration and walk in the light of his face are blessed (v. 15-16). God is the glory and beauty of his people’s strength (v. 17).
Then the psalmist brings God’s majesty to earth and links it to his covenant promises to David. Israel’s king is Israel’s shield (v. 18), and God is the one who found, helped, anointed, and exalted (v. 19-20). God’s mighty hand and arm? They establish and strengthen David (v. 21). Just as God tore Rahab apart, so will the Davidic king outwit and beat down his enemies (v. 23). God’s steadfast love and faithfulness will be with David (v. 24), and David will call upon God as Father, and God will make him his firstborn, the king of kings (v.26-27), and he will establish David’s offspring on an everlasting throne (v. 28-29).
God’s covenant with David and his sons will endure, even if and when David’s sons break God’s law. Discipline? Yes. Rod? Yes? Rejection? No. Why? Because of God’s steadfast love and faithfulness (v. 33). God’s character has established this covenant with an oath (v. 34-35), and David’s offspring and throne will endure as long as the sun, moon, and stars — faithful witnesses in the sky (v. 36-37).
Then we have the turn. Verse 38 introduces a contrast. For the next ten verses, God’s steadfast love and faithfulness are completely absent. Instead, we see a rejected son (v.28), a renounced covenant, a defiled crown (v. 39), breached walls, ruined fortresses (v. 40), plundered cities (v. 41), triumphant foes, rejoicing enemies (v. 42), a throne in the dust, and shame, scorn, and reproach in every direction (v. 41, 45). God’s wrath has come upon the people because the king, David’s son, has rebelled against God. And so the psalmist is confused. In light of God’s character and covenant, how can this be? How long will it last (v. 46)? If God’s character and covenant fail, then everything is futile, vain, and worthless (v. 47). Will the psalmist see God’s saving power before he dies, because no one escapes the power of Sheol (v. 48)?
The final section is an appeal to God’s steadfast love and his faithfulness to David, in light of the mocking reproach of the nations (v. 50-51). The psalmist asks where God’s covenant love has gone, begs him to remember his promise, and concludes with a triumphant hope: Blessed be the Lord forever (v. 52).
Read Your Story in Light of the Story
One of the great values of regular Bible reading is knowing what story you’re a part of, and being able to read your life in light of it. This psalm is filled with echoes and allusions to the big events of Israel’s history. Listen to these passages:
The revelation of God’s name, glory, and goodness to Moses in Exodus 34:6,
“The LORD, the LORD, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, 7 keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, but who will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children and the children’s children, to the third and the fourth generation.”
In this psalm, the psalmist emphasizes God’s oath (v. 3, 35, 49) and covenant (v. 3, 28, 34) three times each. Hebrews 6:13-20 tells us that when God wants to convincingly and abundantly show the unchangeable character of his promise, he swears by himself, like he does to Abraham after the sacrifice of Isaac (Gen. 22:16-18, which Moses appeals to at the Golden Calf episode in Exodus 32:13), or in Isaiah 45:23, when God swears by himself that every knee will bow and every tongue swear allegiance to him as the only righteous God and Savior, or in Amos 4:2 when God swears by his holiness that he will bring judgment on the pride, idolatry, and oppression of Israel’s leaders.
Genesis 22:16-18,
“By myself I have sworn, declares the LORD, because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, 17 I will surely bless you, and I will surely multiply your offspring as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore. And your offspring shall possess the gate of his enemies, 18 and in your offspring shall all the nations of the earth be blessed, because you have obeyed my voice.”
Exodus 32:13,
“Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, your servants, to whom you swore by your own self, and said to them, ‘I will multiply your offspring as the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have promised I will give to your offspring, and they shall inherit it forever.’”
Isaiah 45:22-23,
“Turn to me and be saved, all the ends of the earth! For I am God, and there is no other. By myself I have sworn; from my mouth has gone out in righteousness a word that shall not return: ‘To me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear allegiance.’”
Amos 4:2,
“The Lord GOD has sworn by his holiness that, behold, the days are coming upon you, when they shall take you away with hooks, even the last of you with fishhooks.”
The psalm draws heavily on the promise to David in 2 Samuel 7:
When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up your offspring after you, who shall come from your body, and I will establish his kingdom. 13 He shall build a house for my name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever (89:4, 29, 36). 14 I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son (89:26). When he commits iniquity, I will discipline him with the rod of men, with the stripes of the sons of men (89:30-32), 15 but my steadfast love will not depart from him (89:33-34), as I took it from Saul, whom I put away from before you. 16 And your house and your kingdom shall be made sure forever before me. Your throne shall be established forever.’ (vv. 12-16)
In order to lay the groundwork for the key fight of faith, the psalmist pulls together these biblical themes:
God’s name and character
God’s oath by which he swears by himself
The covenant God made with David
What Is Real?
This is the real question. The gap in this psalm is between what the psalmist knows of God’s character and covenant on the one hand, and the circumstances at the present moment. Who God is (steadfast love and faithfulness) and what God has said (oath and covenant to David) seem out of accord with the reality before him (judgment, wrath, and a crown in the dust).
That is the question for all of us when the world seems confusing, futile, and vain. Do we interpret our circumstances in light of God’s character and covenant? Or do we abandon God’s character and covenant in the face of our circumstances?
God has promised the nations to Christ as his inheritance (Psalm 2:8; Matthew 28:12-20). And then we look at the state of the world, and the state of our nation, and see the rampant apostasy, rebellion, and decay around us. What’s more real? God’s character and covenant? Or sexual deviancy, political corruption, and widespread evangelical apathy and compromise?
When you see the crown in the dust, when the walls are breached and the cities are burning and the enemies of God and his people are rejoicing — do you pray like this? How long, O Lord?
At present, we don’t see everything subjected to him, but we see Jesus, crowned with glory and honor because of the suffering of death.
When your kids wander, or when they get a case of the wobbles: what’s more real? God’s character and covenant? Or the wobbles and wandering? How do you pray? Do you bless God in confidence that he will hear and answer? Do you still sing of the steadfast love of the Lord? Does your mouth still make known his faithfulness to future generations?
Or maybe it’s your own faith and holiness. Your own remaining sin frustrates you, and you wonder what to make of all of those promises — that God will sanctify you and make you holy, that he will put your sin to death and deliver you from the domain of darkness. When you see your abiding anger and envy, your drunkenness and lust, your anxiety and fear of man, your worldliness and selfishness, you feel the confusion and vanity. What is more real to you? Do you still sing of the steadfast love of the Lord?
This is not hypocrisy; it’s what a living faith does when confronted with the vanity of man and the discipline of God. Faith honestly confronts the facts on the ground, and then appeals to God’s character and his covenant. And maybe there is a lesson for us in the proportions of the psalm.
70% of the psalm (37/52 verses) is devoted to rehearsing and celebrating God’s character and covenant, his steadfast love and faithfulness.
20% of the psalm (11/52 verses) confronts the current facts on the ground.
The last 10% (4/52 verses) offers a simple prayer for God to remember his covenant and character, along with a concluding declaration of praise (“Blessed be the Lord, forever!”).
How much of your mental attention is devoted to rooting yourself in God’s steadfast love and faithfulness, in rehearsing his mighty deeds and covenant promises, and how much is spent fixating on the breached walls, triumphant enemies, and reproaching shame?
In other words, the confusion is real and the situation is hard and ugly, but he lands on the oath, on the covenant, on God’s character, and makes good on his opening promise: “I will sing of the steadfast love of the Lord forever…” (even when the city is burning and the crown is in the dust).
Christ’s Crown
Christ is the offspring of David. He crushed the dragon’s head. He stilled the waves. He was strengthened by God’s grace. His enemies did not outwit him. The wicked did not humble him. God anointed him with his Spirit, and established and exalted him above the angels and the powers.
But Christ himself faced God’s rejection and absence.
“My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”
His crown was defiled in the dust. His days were cut short, and he was covered in shame. But Christ bridged the gap between God’s character and covenant, and the rejection and crown in the dust. In his darkest moments, he called upon God as Father (89:26). In Gethsemane:
“My Father, if possible, let this cup pass from me…My Father, if this cannot pass unless I drink it, your will be done” (Matthew 26:39-42).
At Calvary, when with a crown of thorns, mocked and reproached as his enemies rejoiced:
“Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do…Father, into your hands I commit my spirit” (Luke 23:34, 46).
The psalmist’s question that haunts the psalm: What man can live and never see death? Who can deliver his soul from the power of Sheol?
Christ saw death…and he swallowed it whole. He crushed both Death and the Dragon. Where is the steadfast love of the Lord? Where is his faithfulness that he swore to David? It’s on a Roman cross. It’s exalted at God’s right hand, seated above every angelic and demonic power, ruling over heaven and earth, as God puts all of his enemies under his feet. That’s why in Revelation 1:5, Christ is introduced with distinctive language from Psalm 89 as “the faithful witness, the firstborn of the dead, and the ruler of the kings on earth.”
And his oath and covenant are sealed in blood. He swore by his holiness. He swore by his faithfulness. And that faithfulness is yours.
His oath, his covenant, his blood
support me in the whelming flood.
When all around my soul gives way,
he then is all my hope and stay.